Los amigos de Slow Food USA están celebrando desde hoy un festival, SLOW FOOD NATION, que a semejanza de lo que ocurre en el Salón del Gusto y Terra Madre, los dos grandes eventos que se celebran en Turín, tiene la capacidad de programar con igual buen criterio el mercado directo que relaciona productores y consumidores, la promoción y defensa de la biodiversidad y la cultura alimentaria, junto a los actos sociales, culturales y festivos. El programa es muy amplio, así que no dejen de echarle un vistazo. En la inauguración estarán presentes entre otros, Carlo Petrini, Vandana Shiva y Raj Patel.

Entre otras actividades programadas, pueden echar un vistazo a la deliciosa exposición fotográfica de Douglas Gayeton -suyas son las dos fotos que ilustran el post- y a los materiales enlazados como soporte a la conferencia / foro “Pricing the Food on the table”.

Buen y activo provecho…

Wie hier bereits berichtet, hat Vandana Shiva dort auf einer Veranstaltung der Freiburger Kantstiftung und der hbs eine flammendes Plädoyer für die Commons gehalten.

Habe selbst gar kein Foto von der Veranstaltung, war als Moderatorin viel zu beschäftigt, und mache zudem meine Bilder noch immer analog. Sic! Jetzt freue ich mich über diesen Händedruck.

Es folgt ein Transkript der Rede (engl.):

Os políticos estão finalmente a enfrentar as crescentes crises na alimentação e na água. Enquanto procuram por respostas, Vandana Shiva recorda que foram os seus esquemas económicos que criaram estas crises.A estrutura económica globalizada é simplesmente incompatível com as leis físicas do planeta e com os princípios de governação democrática, diz ela. Até que nós alinhemos o sistema económico com o sistema ecológico, os problemas apenas podem piorar. Enquanto que muitos dos livros de Shiva discutem algum aspecto deste problema fundamental, um tílulo captura-o de forma sucinta: Terra, Democracia, Justiça, Sustentabilidade e Paz.

Shiva é uma médica, autora, directora da Research Foundation on Science, Technology and Ecology e fundadora da Navdanya.

AlterNet: Muitos dos teus escritos e discursos focam a incompatibilidade entre a nossa estrutura económica e o funcionamento ecológico da terra. Fala-nos dessa incompatibilidade.

Vandana Shiva: Um aspecto da inconsistência é entre os princípios de Gaia, os princípios do solo, da ecologia, da renovabilidade, como a atmosfera se limpa e as leis do mercado global. O mercado global é conduzido pelo Banco Mundial e pela OMC e a ilógica do chamado "mercado livre", que não é livre. [O resultado desta incompatibilidade] é a corrente crise alimentar: quanto mais a agricultura é "liberalizada", maior a escassez de alimentos, mais altos os preços da alimentação e mais pessoas temos a passar fome.

Nunca se registou esta taxa de crescimento nos preços da alimentação a nível mundial como vemos agora com a integração global das economias alimentares sob a força coerciva e intimidadora da OMC.

AlterNet: Disseste no passado que estas actividades são realizadas em nome da melhoria do bem-estar humano. No entanto, a pobreza tem aumentado. Onde vês mais isto?

VS: Vemos a maior falta de meios de sobrevivência nos países do Sul - tragicamente - aqueles países que se poderiam alimentar. A Índia, por exemplo, era auto-suficiente na produção alimentar. Éramos capazes de alimentar o nosso povo com um sistema de distribuição universal, acessível a todos, e políticas agrícolas que priorizavam a comida. Os pequenos agricultores conseguiam sobreviver.

Mas uma década e meia das regras perversas da globalização levou a que 200.000 agricultores se tenham suicidado porque já não conseguem sustentar-se - todo o seu dinheiro vai para os lucros da Monsanto ou da Cargill. Entretanto, com o chamado crescimento económico, há pessoas a passar forme. A comida per capita desceu numa década e meia de 177 kg para 152 kg por ano.

Isto contradiz a falsa propaganda que tem sido espalhada acerca dos motivos para o aumento dos preços. Eles dizem que é porque os Indianos estão a ficar mais ricos e a comer mais. Bem. Alguns indianos estão a ficar mais ricos, mas não estão a comer mais. Há um limite para o que tu podes comer. E a mão-cheia de bilionários compra mais uns jactos privados e constrói mais algumas mansões privadas. [Na realidade], o indiano médio está a comer menos. A criança média tem uma probabilidade de morrer de fome mais elevada hoje. Os Cargill's do mundo tem o controlo sobre a economia mundial: estão a obter super-lucros enquanto as pessoas morrem de fome.

AlterNet: Falas de que a Índia está pior mas muitos economistas - incluindo os da esquerda - dizem que países como a China e a Índia estão a melhorar.

VS: Não é verdade. A Índia, sob o perverso crescimento da globalização, ultrapassou já a África no número de pessoas com fome. Enquanto nós temos um crescimento de 9.2% medido pelo PIB e PNB, 50% das nossas crianças enfrentam a sub-nutrição severa. 50% das mortes de crianças com menos de cinco anos devem-se à falta de comida. Isto dá cerca de um milhão de miúdos por ano.

AlterNet: Isso é uma mudança considerável que não creio que o mundo esteja a ver.

VS: Isso é porque os media orquestram todas as análises e interpretações. Eles gostariam que a crise fosse um sucesso da globalização e gostariam de oferecer mais globalização como solução. O Banco Mundial disse que deveria existir mais comércio liberalizado. Antes de a OMC ser formada, tivemos protestos de com 500.000 agricultores nas ruas de Bangalore em 1993 para dizer que isto é uma receita para a fome, para destruir a agricultura, a independência e a segurança alimentar. E o GATT - antes da OMC - deu uma conferência de imprensa para nos dizer que a globalização iria tornar a comida acessível para todos.

Esquecem-se que a comida não é produzida nos mercados especuladores de "commodities" controlados pela Cargill em Chicago. É produzida por mulheres e homens trabalhadores que trabalham com o solo e o sol. E se tu destróis a capacidade das pessoas para trabalhar a terra e a capacidade do sol para produzir, tu terás fome. A tragédia é que a fome de hoje e o aumento dos preços dos alimentos é o resultado das políticas globalizadoras e está a ser implementado numa escala global. A menos que tragamos a soberania alimentar e a "democracia alimentar" de volta para a discussão, não teremos uma solução para isto.

AlterNet: Estás a falar sobre princípios ecológicos básicos. Mas há dois outros aspectos sobre a crise alimentar que estão a ser discutidos. Um deles é que, em algumas sociedades, como a China, a dieta está a alterar-se, o que contribui para a falta de alimentos. Depois de serem expostos a dietas ocidentais, estão a comer mais carne, o que requer uma enorme quantidade de cereais - normalmente utilizados para alimentar pessoas - para alimentar gado. Vês isto como parte do problema?

VS: Bem, posso dizer com certeza que isso não é verdade para a Índia. A Índia vegetariana continuará a Índia vegetariana - rica ou pobre, integrada globalmente ou não integrada globalmente. E os chineses quase sempre comeram carne. A diferença é que agora estão integrados no sistema de produção global: é a agricultura industrial que fornece cereais para os porcos e as vacas.

Nenhuma cultura indígena - nem a China nem a Índia - dá cereais aos animais. Os animais têm sido alimentadas com base no que os humanos não podem comer. O agro-negócio global, que ganha imenso dinheiro com base no negócio das forragens, está a criar esta pressão enquanto destrói aquilo a que chamaria a "verdadeira economia livre" - o gado e as galinhas criados em liberdade - e a substituí-la por prisões para animais. Na minha interpretação, mesmo a gripe das aves está a ser utilizada para fechar violentamente pequenas economias, as economias dos agricultores asiáticos, transformando-os em sistemas de pecuária industrial da Tyson e da Cargill.

AlterNet: Qual o papel das alterações climáticas nesta crise alimentar global?

VS: As alterações do clima e as crises agrícolas mundiais estão ligadas. De facto, o meu próximo livro é precisamente sobre esta ligação. A agricultura industrial - conduzida pelo agro-negócio de forma a vender mais químicos, pesticidas e sementes caras a agricultores - é em grande parte responsável por emissões de gases com efeito de estufa tal como o metano da pecuária industrial, o óxido de nitrogénio dos solos fertilizados quimicamente e os combustíveis fósseis dos sistemas agrícolas mecanizados.

O comércio internacional é também responsável por acrescentar milhas alimentares, o que adiciona mais emissões de carbono. Juntando tudo isto, mais de 25% da instabilidade do clima está sendo causada pela agricutura insustentável que [simultaneamente] deslocaliza pequenos agricultores, cria pobreza e má comida. Então, amanhã poderíamos resolver 25% da instabilidade no clima do planeta se voltássemos para a agricultura ecológica como a terra o quer, cultivando de acordo com 10.000 anos de sabedoria que evoluiu do terceiro mundo.

Pesquisas que estamos a conduzir agora mostram um nível de retorno do carbono 200% maior e um nível de retenção da humidade 10 vezes maior. Então se a seca é uma das consequências das alterações climáticas, do que necessitamos é de matéria orgânica e não mais fertilizantes químicos. Temos duas causas aqui: temos de nos livras das emissões da agricultura e do transporte a longa distância.

Isto significa agricultura ecológica e localização do sistema alimentar, importando apenas o que não pode ser cultivado localmente - não forçando importações como os EUA têm feito na Índia. Forçou-nos a comprar trigo, deixar de lado a mostarda e o óleo de coco e viver de soja. Estes factores são "forçamentos" que estão a causar estragos no nosso clima e a destruir a nossa cultura alimentar, a nutrição e o acesso a alimentos.

Finalmente, sistemas ecológicos produzem mais comida. É uma ilusão pensar que, porque temos uma crise alimentar, temos de espalhar a [comida geneticamente modificada] pelo mundo. Em primeiro lugar, as culturas geneticamente modificadas não produzem mais alimentos. Em segundo lugar, tornam o solo mais vulnerável às alterações climáticas. São resistentes a herbicidas e atraem toxinas. Não temos um aumento da produção.

AlterNet: Então a modificação genética dos alimentos exacerba as já difíceis circunstâncias associadas à falta de alimentos.

VS: Absolutamente. Penso que qualquer receita hoje oferecida na agricultura deve ser testada para ver se aumenta a capacidade de produção de alimentos dos pobres e se vai reduzir a pressão sobre o planeta.

AlterNet: Falemos também de outro conceito que integraste nos teus escritos - bio-pirataria.

VS: A bio-pirataria é o estranho fenómeno pelo qual as maiores e mais ricas corporações roubam recursos genéticos e o conhecimento tradicional de mulheres e camponeses pobres que o tem partilhado gratuitamente por mais de um milénio. O primeiro case que tive de lutar foi contra o governo dos EUA com W.R. Grace, que se tornou infame com o filme "A Civil Action", quando poluiu o subsolo de Boston.

Roubaram a Neem, que é uma árvore que nos dá controlo [natural] de pestes e fungos através do seu óleo. A USDA e a Grace afirmaram que tinham inventado a Neem. Como é claro, a minha avó e a minha mãe usavam-na. Então, eu popularizei-a após Bophal, com uma campanha chamada "Bhopal nunca mais, plantem uma Neem". Quando vi esta patente, tive de a contestar. Lutamos por 11 anos e eventualmente os poderes do governo e de uma das maiores empresas de químicos foram vencidos por uma coligação de grupos e movimentos da sociedade civil.

Outro caso de bio-pirataria é a do famoso arros Basmati que vem do meu vale. Uma companhia do Texas afirma que o inventou. O terceiro caso foi o da Monsanto, que afirmava ter inventado uma variedade de trigo antiga, baixa em glúten. O problema com a bio-pirataria não é só o de tirarem material genético e conhecimento gratuitamente, mas também o de reivindicarem um direito exclusivo, exigindo royalties das mesmas comunidades e sociedades [de onde os retiraram], comunidades que detiveram esta biodiversidade e conhecimento por anos.

AlterNet: Falando da Monsanto, realizaste uma pesquisa considerável sobre esta companhia e publicaste um relatório, "Peddling Life Sciences or Death Sciences."

VS: Se tivesse que ordenar a criminalidade das corporações, a Monsanto ganharia facilmente o primeiro prémio. A Monsanto apoderou-se do fornecimento de sementes a nível mundial. Comprou todas as companhias de sementes na Índia, no Brasil e nos EUA e tornou-se a maior corporação de sementes. Mas este modelo de funcionamento baseia-se na corrupção. Corromperam o processo de tomada de decisões nos EUA de tal forma que os cidadãos já não têm o direito de saber o que estão a comer, se o leite tem hormonas ou se a soja e o milho são modificados geneticamente. Estão a espalhar esta corrupção por todo o mundo.

Estou a lutar contra eles no nosso supremo tribunal. Conseguimos detê-los ao nível do algodão Bt. Ainda não conseguiram invadir a nossa economia com cultivos geneticamente modificados. Mas o pior que a Monsanto tem feito é comprar a Delta and Pine Land, uma companhia que detém a patente para a tecnologia "terminator", que desenha sementes para serem esterilizadas. Está a manipular geneticamente a vida para a extinção da vida.

AlterNet: Falemos da escassez de água. Estão a ocorrer grandes guerras por causa da água e subsiste uma grande preocupação sobre o futuro da água. Pensas que a escassez da água tem sido criada pelo fenómeno da privatização ou resulta das alterações climáticas e outros fenómenos do género?

VS: A escassez da água tem sido criada por sistemas de produção insustentáveis tanto para a agricultura como para os têxteis. Toda a actividade industrial exige muita água. A agricultura industrial requer dez vezes mais água que a agricultura ecológica. A "revolução verde" não foi assim tão verde porque criou uma procura para grandes barragens e extracção de água subterrânea. A agricultura industrial esgotou os recursos hídricos. Para mais, à medida que a água se tornou poluída e escassa, uma parte da indústria viu a água como uma forma de ganhar super-lucros privatizando-a. Estão a privatizá-la de duas formas. A primeira é comprar o sistema de distribuição municipal. Os maiores neste campo são a Bechtel, a Suez e a Vivendi.

Curiosamente, têm enfrentado protestos para onde vão. A Bechtel foi expulsa da Bolívia. A Suez queria apoderar-se do fornecimento de água a Delhi, mas tivemos um movimento para democracia da água que não o permitiu. Mas há um segundo tipo de privatização, mais insidioso - o da garrafa de água de plástico. A Coca-Cola e a Pepsi são as líderes desta privatização. Na Índia, onde a Coca-Cola estava a roubar água, trabalhei com um pequeno grupo de mulheres das aldeias que conseguiram encerrar a fábrica. Por toda a Índia, estas corporações gigantes estão a levar entre 1.5 e 2 milhões de litros de água por dia, deixando para trás a sede.

AlterNet: Tendo em conta o que está a acontecer como resultado das alterações climáticas, poderíamos esperar uma crise de água sem estas práticas?

VS: Não estaríamos a enfrentar problemas com a água se as pessoas pudessem ter as suas economias, praticar a sustentabilidade e viver as suas vidas. A crise na água deve-se à ganância. À medida que a água se torna mais escassa, as corporações que a controlam ficam mais ricas. É o mesmo com a comida. À medida que os alimentos se tornam mais escassos, as corporações que os controlam ficam mais ricas. É este o paradoxo da economia global. O crescimento surge nos lucros das corporações enquanto no mundo o real os recursos utilizados se tornam mais escassos.

AlterNet: Também sugeriste que estes princípios económicos são incompatíveis com a sustentação do governo democrático.

VS: A muitos níveis, uma economia de mercado chamada globalização corporativa tem de matar a democracia para sobreviver. Tomemos o nascimento da OMC, uma instituição anti-democrática. Não há negociações nas regras que impõe. Estas regras são criadas de forma não democrática. De cada vez que estas regras são implementadas há protestos. Normalmente em democracia, se a vontade do povo diz que devemos mudar uma política, os governos mudam. Infelizmente, os governos de hoje são comandados por corporações, não pelo povo. Cada passo no sentido de aprofundar a economia de mercado é um atentado à democracia. Os nossos governos foram-nos roubados e temos de usar a democracia para ultrapassar estas regras, este paradigma e a absoluta destruição [que causa].

AlterNet: Descreve a tua visão alternativa que poderia substituir a que temos actualmente.

VS: Eu tento articular uma visão alternativa baseada na democracia. A economia de mercado global faz com que o primeiro cidadão seja a corporação. O resto são escravos, cidadãos de segunda categoria. Cria também uma identidade para a espécie humana como consumidores no supermercado global. Nós não somos mais criadores e produtores. Somos só consumidores de bens que as corporações nos trazem do local onde os podem fabricar - ao mais elevado custo para o ambiente e para os trabalhadores.

Do que necessitamos é de reclamar quem somos enquanto seres humanos. Nós somos antes de mais cidadãos deste planeta lindo. O nosso primeiro dever é o de proteger o planeta. Daqui fluem os direitos para a terra, o ar, a água e os alimentos que a terra nos dá. Estas dádivas são recursos comuns, não mercadorias, propriedade privada ou propriedade intelectual. São os comuns da terra e todos temos igual acesso a eles. Ninguém pode interferir no acesso de uma pessoa à sua parte da água, da terra e do ar. Esta interferência é uma violação das regras de Gaia e das regras da democracia. Mas a indústria poluidora privatizou até mesmo o ar colocando os seus poluentee neles e criando o comércio de carbono. Estão basicamente a dizer-nos que porque nós poluímos a atmosfera somos donos dela. Podemos então poluir tanto quanto queremos e depois comprar créditos de alguém que não está a poluir. Os comuns e a recuperação dos comuns é vital para a democracia da terra. Está no centro da sustentabilidade da terra do funcionamento democrático da sociedade.

AlterNet: Os direitos de propriedade cabem nesta visão dos comuns?

VS: A maior parte dos direitos de propriedade foram criados com base nos recursos comuns da terra. Na Índia nós dizemos "a terra pertence à criação". Nós utilizamo-la e temos "direitos de uso" mas isso é diferente de propriedade e de direitos comercializáveis. Foi o colonialismo britânico que criou a propriedade privada da forma que agora é praticada.

Agora, o Banco Mundial está a tentar criar a propriedade privada em terras indígenas. A água nunca foi propriedade também, mas hoje estão a tentar mudar isso. As sementes eram distribuídas e partilhadas, não tratadas como propriedade. Os direitos de propriedade intelectuais são tão recentes como a OMC e têm de ser eliminados porque são inconsistentes com os [princípios] da vida. Um mundo futuro governado por direitos de propriedade intelectuais sobre as sementes nas mãos da Monsanto é um futuro onde a biodiversidade será destruída, os camponeses serão arrasados e não haverá comida que valha a pena comer.

AlterNet: Também estiveste envolvida no movimento"slow food" e na agricultura biológica.

VS: Fui recentemente eleita Vice Presidente da Slow Food [International], e presido uma comissão internacional sobre o futuro da comida, uma comissão criada pela região de Toscânia, na Itália. Convenci [o fundador] Carlo Petrini a reconhecer que a comida não começa na cozinha ou nas mãos do chef. Começa nos campos dos agricultores. Uma das contribuições que eu e os meus colegas tivemos nos movimentos de preservação de sementes e de agricultura biológica foi o reconhecimento de que a biodiversidade, a agricultura biológica e a agricultura de pequena escala produz mais comida. É um mito criado pela agricultura industrial e pelo agro-negócio que as monoculturas e a agricultura química produz mais comida. Utilizam mais energia e químicos e não produzem mais por acre. De facto, utilizam dez vezes mais energia que a que produzem como comida. Logo, com a crise alimentar, é vital que mudemos para sistemas alimentares que nos garantam melhor qualidade alimentar.

AlterNet: Como poderíamos transportar a sua visão e linguagem para a estrutura política e agrícola?

VS: Em países como a Índia não se trata de uma visão a transformar em prática. Trata-se de defender uma prática que está a ser destruída por uma visão perversa. Para nós, trata-se de defender os direitos de pequenos agricultores. É para aí que a minha energia vai. Uma Índia de aldeias foi o sonho de Gandhi e é o meu sonho. Mas eu não vejo a Índia a sobreviver se as suas aldeias e a sua produção alimentar são arrasadas. Em países do Norte como os EUA os agricultores foram já escorraçados. Necessitamos de mais quintas a produzir mais alimentos locais. Um país que pode subsidiar biocombustíveis e químicos deveria subsidiar o retorno dos pequenos agricultores para a terra. Isso resolveria também parte do problema do desemprego.

Posted with permission from the author.

By Shepherd Bliss

http://www.vowvop.org

Aug 5, 2008

Slow Food Nation leader Alice Waters–founder of Berkeley’s famous Chez Panisse Restaurant and author of eight food books–spoke at the small town (8,000 people) Sebastopol Farmers’ Market in Northern California August 3. She was interviewed about the August 29-31 SFN celebration to happen around San Francisco by KRCB public radio host Michelle Anna Jordan for her “Mouthful” program to run that evening.

“We want to lift a loud voice to change our food system,” Waters responded when asked about SFN, where over 50,000 people are expected. “We need to change the ways we grow, distribute, and eat food, which needs to be good, clean, and fair. Things are at a crisis point with respect to health and the environment.”

Waters described how the lawn in front of San Francisco’s Civic Center, one of the sites for SFN, has been replaced with a victory garden. “We have been talking about a vegetable garden on the White House lawn. This would be a way to talk about stewardship and nourishment. Thomas Jefferson had such a garden.”

“A big message of Slow Food Nation is that we all need to be planting gardens,” Waters noted. Addressing global climate change issues, she commented, “We need to have more greenhouses in the future, whether it gets too hot or too cold.”

“How we eat can change the world,” Waters has said elsewhere. By combining fresh produce from local farms with European cuisine, Waters helped create a food revolution and transform eating habit. At the Sebastopol market she also signed copies of her newest book “The Art of Simple Food.”

Waters helped kick-off the Gravenstein Apple Month, which has been declared by both the Sebastopol City Council and the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors. This is the time of year in this semi-rural area where one gets invitations such as the following: “If you want to help grind up large quantities of Gravenstein apples to make fresh juice, drink lots of juice, join a pot luck BBQ lunch, and get covered in apple pulp=come on over!”

“Gravensteins are a tasty apple that got left behind,” Waters explained. The delicious “Grav” apple is at risk of becoming an endangered species. “Save the Gravensteins!” bumper stickers made by Slow Food and Community Alliance with Family Famers (CAFF) are popping up around the country. Slow Food has accepted the Sebastopol Grav as one of the traditional foods to which it gives attention to protect it from extinction.

SFN’s “Come to the Table” call has garnered significant media attention. The New York Times (July 23) and San Francisco Chronicle (June 30) have each published long articles about the gathering that has a budget of some $2 million dollars. Some of its public events have already sold out.

Its main events are a Food for Thought speaker series, taste pavilions, a marketplace showcasing 60 local farmers and artisans, and the victory garden. Live music will be performed across town at the Ft. Mason meadow, an appropriate place to make “swords into plowshares.” Special events include dinners, art, journeys, and hikes. Some are free, whereas others require tickets.

Slow Food was started by the Italian Carlo Petrini in l986 to protest McDonald’s and its fast food culture. It advocates traditional agriculture and food preparation and consumption, which differ from how many in the U.S. deal with food. SFN is the first such large gathering in the U.S.; it is modeled after events in Europe that have drawn thousands to Terra Madre gatherings.

The speaker series includes some of the leading voices in the growing global sustainable agriculture and food movement, such as Petrini, physicist Vandana Shiva of India, Kentucky author and farmer Wendell Berry, University of California at Berkeley professor and author Michael Pollan, author Raj Patel, Native American leader Winona LaDuke, “Fast Food Nation” author Eric Schlosser, and the Land Institute’s Wes Jackson of Kansas.

Their topics include “The World Food Crisis,” “Building a New Food System,” “Re-Localizing Food,” “Climate Change and Food,” and “Edible Education.” Award-winning short films and documentaries will also be shown.

The “New, Fair Food System,” as an example, will feature “activists who campaign on behalf of farm workers and meatpacking workers.” It will focus on “how do you create a system in which eating well and treating people well are inextricably linked?”

A Call to Participate went out for a Youth Food Movement “to empower networks of students and young farmers, cooks, artisans, activists and eaters.” Among those attending will be members of Sonoma State University’s Slow Food Club, including its president, Robin Temple, a psychology student. While pruning on a local farm one day in late July Temple described some of his group’s plans, “We will speak in classes during the last week of August to inform students of the event. We will make a film of the youth program there that will be shown at the October Terra Madre gathering in Italy. We have been working to get Michael Pollan and some of the other key speakers to come to campus.”

“Slow food is the opposite of fast food. It is food that comes from local, sustainable farms,” Temple writes in the SSU campus newspaper. “We intend to raise awareness about the profound effects of our food choices on the environment, on our health and on issues of social justice,” he adds.

Some have criticized Slow Food for being elitist and catering to an older crowd that can afford better food and attend its sometimes-expensive dinners and gatherings. Temple represents a younger generation in the Slow Food Movement raising various challenges. “The current industrial model will soon fail for its heavy dependency on homogeneity and petroleum. As such, slow food is about survival,” asserts Temple.

The Youth Food Movement invitation contends that “good, clean and fair food is a universal right.” The youth gathering starts with an overnight retreat August 27 at a teaching farm on the California coast north of San Francisco, includes meeting at an art gallery that seeks to “build community through food and art,” and concludes with an Eat-In at Dolores Park “on a long, 200-person table for a meal curated by Outstanding in the Field.”

By-invitation-only events include a Changemakers Day and a National Congress. Around 600 participants will attend the August 29 Changemakers Day “designed for our nation’s food system leaders.” It will include “26 dynamic presentations on topics ranging from the viability of rare breeds to the nuts and bolts of engaging our isolated urban and rural communities in the sustainable food movement.” Its seeks “to inspire leaders to knit new and diverse networks” and “lay the groundwork for more concrete, inclusive and effective collaboration in the sustainable food and farming movement,” according to its website http://www.slowfoodnation.org.

The organizers expect “the clash of ideas, critical thinking from incisive minds, and inspiring dialog.” The Changemakers Day emerged from a February Town Hall meeting composed of people from SFN and Roots of Change, a San Francisco co-sponsor of SFN.

Panels include the following: “Rising Seas, Shrinking Catch;” “Triple-Bottom Line,” referring to social, environmental, and financial return to investors; “Preserving the Land Base;” “Ensuring Diversity;” “Nutrition for All: Improving Community Health;” “Rich Diet, Poor Communities;” “Going Local;” “Help Wanted: 50 Million New Farmers;” and “Reframing the Slow Food Conversation” to work more for social justice.

“I’ll be a panelist on Changemakers Day,” explained Steve Schwartz, while selling mushrooms from his New Carpati Farm at the Sebastopol Farmers’ Market. “More people are thinking about what they eat these days. Passing by McDonalds my four-year-old says, ‘That’s junk food. It’s bad for you.’”

Watching Schwartz and other farmers at the market talk about their crops, one can see that they are creating food-based relationships. “I’m proud to be a small part of this movement with a vision for a better food system. It can help activate people to work to change food policies.”

Food, after all, is much more than something you just eat. It has traditionally drawn families, friends, and communities together. Agri-culture is at the base of culture. The preparation and sharing of food and drink creates and sustains culture.

“I went to Slow Food Nation’s parent, Terra Madre in Italy,” explained the manager of the Sebastopol Farmers’ Market, Paula Downing. “It was life-changing. I plan to go to Slow Food Nation because I do not want to miss another chance for a life-changing event.”

“Terra Madre was a heart event. It was a thrill to see families still making the food they have made for centuries. You feel this human thing. It was very emotional and made me cry. Some recipes for corn bread, for example, had been handed down for twenty generations,” Downing continued. “I love the apple farmers here in Sonoma County. They are courageous. There is a history here that we need to remember.”

“Slow Food is an opportunity to re-connect with our food and local growers and to understand the plight our planet is in. Our immunity and the immune system of the Earth are linked; building from here is a source of our healing,” explained Ana Stayton of Golden Nectar Farm. “It helps create a sense of what real nourishment is. It brings farmers, children, and the community back into the food system, rather than leaving it in the hands of large corporations. Slow Food encourages people to grow and cook their own food and remember the pleasure in that.”

“Being at Terra Madre was a powerful bonding experience,” Stayton added. “It was intense being around people from over 150 countries in their traditional dress who have this common bond and language of the land, growing food, preserving local food cultures, preparing, serving and nourishing others.”

“I discovered Tierra Vegetables last December while shopping,” Mary Killian explained near the Slow Food table. “They have a delicious heritage bean. They so inspired me that I bought them as Christmas presents and included information about Slow Food.” Slow Food also provides heritage turkeys from Sonoma County, one of its most active chapters.

Networking is common at Slow Food events. One grower at the Sebastopol market, Deborah Ramelli-Toth of Gratitude Gardens, was proudly carrying a couple dozen free-range eggs, though she has no chickens. “I traded them for tomatoes, of which I have many,” she explained. She also made arrangements to share her canning equipment with a friend, Deb Kindy, who lives nearby in another town.

Waters spoke about the need to do something with all the food that is wasted, “We need to do more foraging and gleaning. Lots of food is wasted on the ground which is very edible.”

On the land where Ramelli-Toth lives there will be a Sebastopol Gravenstein Apple Slow Dinner the week before SFN, hosted by the Culinary Underground and Voluptuous Smoke under the apple trees at Nana Mae’s orchard. According to the invitation the Gravs “have a long history yet are mostly ignored by the culinary mainstream.” It adds, “Eating is a political act. Eat your view!”

“We’ve been writing a declaration and petition calling for a new national food policy,” explained Michael Dimock at the SFN table at the Sebastopol Farmers’ Market on July 27. Dimock has chaired Slow Food USA, been active in California Alliance for Family Farmers (CAFF), and is president of Roots of Change. “We need healthy food and agriculture,” Dimock asserted. The declaration will be released Aug. 28 and will include a preamble, set of principles, and call to action.

The August 28 National Congress is composed of 300 delegates who represent the 16,000 U.S. members of the international Slow Food Movement, which has over 86,000 members in more than 100 countries. They are organized into what internationally are called convivium and are beginning to be called chapters here in the U.S., where there are around 200.

The Congress takes place every four years. Participants will engage in peer-to-peer networking and in leadership training and professional development. They will also vote on revisions to the National Statue. This year, for the first time, 35 Slow Food in Schools projects leaders will meet to discuss their garden-to-table efforts.

“When kids grow and cook their own food, they all want to eat it,” Waters explained from her experiences with edible education programs. “They want an interactive education. They are happy to be in the garden. Kids are not just hungry for food. They are hungry for people to take care of them and for nature.”

Direct democracy is important to the Slow Food Movement. When asked about the leadership of the Russian River Slow Food chapter in Sonoma County, Paula Shatkin explained that they have a leadership team of eleven persons, who do not have a hierarchy.

(Shepherd Bliss, sbliss@hawaii.edu, has run the Kokopelli Farm in Northern California since l992 and currently teaches at Sonoma State University. His writing on agropsychology and agrotherapy are scheduled for various books during 2009.)

see

Sustainable Food (UCLA Lecture) + Homegrown Revolution

Gardening

Food

Para leitores atentos à questão socioambiental, o livro Monoculturas da Mente, da escritora indiana Vandana Shiva, insiste em uma mensagem em especial: as monoculturas não se referem apenas à forma de cultivo das grandes propriedades rurais, muito comuns no Brasil, mas dizem respeito também ao pensamento reducionista e único do homem do nosso tempo. 

        De posse dessa análise primordial, a autora alerta para as ameaças à biodiversidade do planeta e para as conseqüências ambientais e  humanas, quando a monocultura imposta aos países do terceiro mundo entra em cena. Se pensarmos na obra Monoculturas da Mente como um todo, a resposta que a autora encontra para a crise que vivemos é o despertar para a compreensão de que o verdadeiro desenvolvimento deve ser ecológico e socialmente sustentável.  (Maraísa Lima)

the first is about a recent study at the University of Michigan which found that organic agriculture can produce enough food to feed us all. there have been other studies in the past which have said a similar thing, but it's great that more and more are coming out like that now. two of the major arguments against organic agriculture (as opposed to chemical agriculture) are that it will never be able to feed us all and that it's impossible to produce crops on a large-scale without chemical fertilisers. this study has shown otherwise. it's nice to be getting some science on our side here. i am not an agriculturalist and it's so frustrating when confronted by soil scientists etc who argue that if you take a plant out of the ground and consume it, you remove nutrients with it. they always argue that the only way to bring nutrients back to the soil is with synthetic fertilisers. now i have a study which says you CAN do it with nitrogen-fixing plants too!

also came across a news piece on a recent conference of IFOAM (the international federation of organic agriculture movements). they're like the world governing body of organic agriculture. it's great because they are speaking out against the recent FAO food crisis summit which was held in Rome in June.

here is the article by Mathias Wildt of Reuters:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Small-scale, not industrial farming, is the answer to food shortages and climate change, organic farmers argued this week.

Meeting at the Organic World Congress this week, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM -- www.ifoam.org -- criticized a recent U.N. food summit for touting chemical fertilizers and genetically modified (GM) crops rather than organic solutions to tackle world hunger.

The World Bank says an extra 100 million people worldwide could go hungry as a result of the sharp rise in the price of food staples in the last year.

At the U.N. food summit in Rome this month, the World Bank pledged $1.2 billion in grants to help with the food crisis.

"The $1.2 billion the World Bank says will solve the food crisis in Africa is a $1.2 billion subsidy to the chemical industry," said Vandana Shiva, an Indian physics professor and environmental activist speaking at the forum in Modena.

"Countries are made dependent on chemical fertilizers when their prices have tripled in the last year due to rising oil prices," she said. "I say to governments: spend a quarter of that on organic farming and you've solved your problems."

She said industrial farming was based on planting a single crop on vast surfaces and heavy use of chemical fertilizers, a process that used 10 times more energy than it produced.

"The rest turns into waste as greenhouse gases, chemical runoffs and pesticide residues in our food," she said.

In contrast, organic farms could increase output by 10 times by growing many different species of plants at the same time, which helped retain soil and water, she said. "In a one-acre farm in India they can grow 250 species of plants," she said.

FEEDING 9 BILLION PEOPLE

The U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization Director General Jacques Diouf said last December there was no reason to believe that organic agriculture can substitute conventional farming systems in ensuring the world's food security.

"You cannot feed six billion people today and nine billion in 2050 without judicious use of chemical fertilizers."

Shiva has began a civil disobedience campaign in India against the patenting of natural seeds, particularly of crops that resist flooding and drought and can better withstand climate change.

"We need this worldwide. Seeds are for everyone," she said.

According to IFOAM, a quarter of greenhouse gases are emitted by industrially farmed crops and livestock. The proportion rises to 40 percent when including the emissions caused by transporting commodities around the world.

IFOAM members also criticized the production of fuel from grains, citing a U.S. university study that it took 1.3 gallons of fossil fuel to make 1 gallon of ethanol from corn.

The United States and Brazil defended their use of corn and sugar cane to make ethanol to fuel cars at the UN food summit saying it was a minor factor in food price inflation.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

this is in essence what my thesis is about - the fact that chemical farming is TOO expensive for small-scale farmers and we should not be prescribing a Green Revolution for Africa without considering the fact that the people it's being prescribed to cannot afford the inputs!! damn, this makes me angry...

1. Over at Don't Do That Harriets Daughter posted "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" by Frederick Douglass. It serves as great reminder that so-called independence is not for everyone. As HD reminds us, "the wealth and power of this nation is due in large part, if not the whole, to the systematic program of genocide against one people and the forced enslavement of another"

2. Next Stop Iran: At the New Yorker, in "Preparing the Battlefield," Seymour Hersh analyzes the Congressional approval of "major escalation of covert operations against Iran." Yeah, cuz that's just what the world needs, more war.

3. At SocialistWorker.org, in "Stupid, Racist, or Both," Dave Zirin discusses the latest proof that Don Imus is indeed both stupid and racist. In my favorite bit of the piece, he opines

It is ridiculous that people like Sean Hannity--who are all for shredding the Constitution when it comes to the rights of antiwar protesters or detainees in the "war on terror"--wrap themselves in the Bill of Rights and champion the First Amendment and "free speech" when it comes to Imus.

This has nothing to do with free speech. This is about whether blatant racism is acceptable both in sports and on commercial radio. This is about whether we embrace the idea that with a microphone comes some measure of responsibility.

4. Renee at Womanist Musings reported that Thomas Beatie gave birth to a healthy baby (does it matter if the baby is female or male?) and called for the acceptance of a more fluid definition of gender. Yes, this is desperately needed as evidenced by the trangender inequality video posted here at Queers United.

5. Women's E News reports on Jasmyne Cannick's efforts to put an end blackface performances "that mock the plight and lives of African American men and women." Cannick has launched a national campaign targeting Charles Knipp's character Shirley Q. Liquor, a virulently racist, misogynistic ‘act' that earns Knipp between $70,000 to $90,000 a year. She is also critical of Eddie Murphy, Tyler Perry, and Martin Lawrence for their blackface performance. (I would add that Murphy also enacts racist yellowface performances, among others.) See the full article here for an analysis of why blackface is not funny.

6. In "The Global Seed Police" over at Counterpunch Binoy Kampmark discusses the documentary The World According to Monsanto, the "corporate bully" that is working feverishly to patent seeds to the detriment of world farmers. Vandana Shiva (eco-feminist extraordinaire) critiques the "rhetoric of salvation" used by Monsanto, noting their aim "has little to do with ‘food security' and everything to do with ‘returns to Monsanto's profits'. The real aim here is patenting, and the corporate giant is in the business of biopiracy, targeting local markets and industries to gain an unassailable market share."

7. The Feminist Daily News Wire reports that Ninth Circuit Federal Court of Appeals ruled that graphic abortion images are protected speech. See the full story here. And, to counter this appalling news, see also here for the news that "twenty-two states and the District of Columbia have refused millions of federal dollars allotted for abstinence-only education programs for the upcoming fiscal year." This represents a 40% drop in acceptance. Yippee - the nation is finally waking up to the abysmal failure of abstinence only ed!

And, as a bonus, a death for the week:

For a detailed account of Jesse Helms hate spewing rhetoric and actions from 1963 until his death (just in case you need reminding that he was not the wonderful man the mainstream media is making him out to be) see Lindsay Beyerstein's post at Majikthise.

ho raccolto in una pagina - che cerchero' di tenere aggiornata - un po' di eventi relativi all'estate 2008 nel campo dell'attivismo, a 360 gradi, dalla zona hippie a quella anarco-libertaria, da quella anti-globalizzazione a quella primitivista, dal popolo di seattle del "un altro mondo e' possibile" alla zona ambientalista e movimentista.

l'elenco degli appuntamenti lo trovate cliccando QUI: ESTATE 2008.

buon risveglio a tutti!

Zitat:

...unless we recover the commons, we are not going to be able to... guarantee the human species, especially future generations, their right to life. For me, the commons is ...nothing more than the shared basis, that keeps us sustained and keeps us living. .... We have to recognize, that reclaiming the commons is not an historic event, that we have to learn in history books. It's the present form of the practice of earth democracy. ...remembering that first and foremost we are citizens of this earth and we live to the extend we defend the commons....

Auf den Seiten der Freiburger Kantstiftung (Unterstiftung: Schützt die Allmende) finden Sie auch die Beiträge des Klimaforschers Hartmut Graßl, des Agrarexperten Alois Heißenhuber und des Alternativen Nobelpreisträgers Pat Mooney (zu seinen zukunftsweisenden Gedanken später mehr).

Wer den Zuspitzungen Shivas etwas auf den Grund gehen und Aktuelles zum Thema Ernährung/ Landwirtschaft/ Biosprit nachlesen möchte, dem bietet der neueste INKOTA-Brief Stoff. Das vom entwicklungspolitischen Netzwerk INKOTA herausgegebene Dossier heißt: Landwirtschaft global: Der Kampf um Ernährungssicherheit und Nachhaltigkeit.

Schlagworte zu den Beiträgen:

• Globale Ernährungsunsicherheit.
• Der Irrweg der Agrarkraftstoffe.
• Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft fördern. Die EU-Agrarpolitik muss international Verantwortung übernehmen.
• Agrarkolonialismus. Die Politik von EU und USA gegenüber Afrika
• Die Kühe und der Klimawandel.

Zu den vielfachen Selbstmorden indischer Kleinbauern, einem Problem, welches Shiva in ihrer Rede als unmittelbare Folge der "enclosure of the commons" (der Einhegung der Gemeingüter) bezeichnet, fragt der Autor Hanns Wienold provozierend:

• Können die indischen Kleinbauern nicht sprechen?

Noch einmal Shiva:

Patents on life are the ultimate enclosure of the commons. Because they are enclosing the past, all the centuries of knowledge embodied in biodiversity. They are enclosing the present by denying alternatives to people. The 200.000 farmers suicides in India are a result of the enclosure of the commons in the present. And it's enclosing the future, because evolutionary pathways necessary for adaption are being blocked.

The web of life is a commons, which is a food web. ...The commons of the food chain and the food web is being enclosed to turn the food chain into the ultimate commodity.

Aber lesen und hören Sie am besten selbst. Bestellen kann man das Inkota-Dossier übrigens bei inkota-brief@inkota.de

Industriële landbouw is een efficient systeem om de boeren te beroven van hun rijkdom en hen in de schulden en onteigening te storten.

Industriële landbouw vertaalt zich ook in economische oorlogsvoering tegen de armen. Honger is in de Derde Wereld proportioneel meegegroeid met de verspreiding van industriële landbouw en de globalisering van de handel in exportgerichte voedselgrondstoffen. Dit is geen toeval.

Globalisering heeft de dood van de democratie nodig. De crisis waarin de democratie verkeert door de globalisering komt voort uit een overtuiging dat mensen en hun rechten niet tot het hart van de democratie behoren. De geest die wordt geschapen door de economische globalisering heeft twee belangrijke blinde vlekken - het kan de mens niet zien en het kan de natuur niet zien, en uiteraard kan het de innige band tussen de mens en de natuur niet zien.

Terwijl we onze ecologische en sociale gemeenschap op het platteland vermorzelen, verhogen we onze aandrift tot geweld en verminderen ons gevoel voor medelijden en mededogen. Het is in de dagelijkse ontmoeting tussen de soorten dat we onze beste lessen leren in diversiteit en democratie.

	Dr. Vandana Shiva

Dr. Vandana Shiva is directeur van de Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology in New Dehli, India en als oprichtster van de geweldloze boerenbeweging Navdanya, is ze wellicht hét icoon van de andersglobaliseringsbeweging.

"Ik ben opgeleid tot een quantumfysicus en zou een leven vullen met puzzles binnen de quantumtheorie op te lossen.
In plaats daarvan, heb ik de laatste twee decennia gespendeerd aan het oplossen van puzzles over landbouw",

stelt ze zichzelf voor op haar website. Navdanya rapporteert o.a. de verbanden tussen massale zelfmoord onder de Indische boeren en de monopolies en genetische manipulatie in de zaaigoedsector, de subsidieregelingen en vrijhandelsakkoorden op maat van de agro-industrie, privatisering van gemeenschapsgronden voor de productie van biobrandstoffen en het overnemen van de voedselverdeling door transnationale retailers. Ze is de schijnbaar onvermoeibare voorvechtster

1. van een lokaal geörienteerde voedseleconomie,
2. met als doel het conserveren van de bio-diversiteit,
3. middels zelfstandige, autonome boerengemeenschappen.

Haar beweging werd wereldberoemd met haar strijd (en uiteindelijke overwinning) tegen de eigendomsrechten die het Texaanse RiceTec Inc. claimde op de van oorsprong Indische basmatirijst. Ophefmakend zijn ook de "Quit India"-campagnes tegen de frisdrankgiganten Pepsi en Coca Cola, omtrent ondermeer waterrechten.

VIDEO: Vandana Shiva spreekt over het effect van globalisering op de voedingsindustrie en de mensen. (3 min)

OOK AANBEVOLEN: Een uitgebreid radio-interview met Dr. Vandana Shiva kan je beluisteren op www.democracynow.org: "Vandana Shiva on Farmer Suicides, the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal, Wal-Mart in India and More"

Enkele quotes uit artikels van Dr. Vandana Shiva, verschenen op www.navdanya.org.

uit: "Globalisation and the war against farmers and the land"

Mevrouw Vandana Shiva legt hier uit hoe...

1. een feminiene, duurzame landbouw...

Landbouw gebaseerd op diversiteit, decentralisatie en het verbeteren van de productiviteit van de kleine boerenlandbouw door ecologische methodes is een vrouwelijke, natuurvriendelijke landbouw. In deze feminiene landbouw wordt kennis gedeeld, andere soorten en planten zijn er verwanten, geen `eigendom' en duurzaamheid is er gebaseerd op een zichzelf hernieuwende biodiversiteit en een rijkdom aan soorten op boerderijen om interne input te verzekeren. In onze paradigma's is er geen plaats voor monoculturen van genetisch gemanipuleerde oogsten en industriële monopolies op zaaigoed.

2. degradeerde tot een masculine, oorlogszuchtige landbouw...

Monoculturen en monopolies symboliseren een masculine landbouw. De oorlogsmentaliteit, die schuil gaat achter de militair-industriële landbouw, laat zich aflezen uit de namen die gegeven worden aan onkruidverdelgers die de economische basis voor het overleven van de armste vrouwen in de landelijke gebieden in de Derde Wereld vernietigen. Monsanto's herbicieden dragen namen als `Round up', `Machete', `Lasso'. American Home Products, dat samenging met Monsanto, noemt haar herbicieden `Pentagon', `Prowl', `Lightening', `Assert', `Avenge'. Dit is oorlogstaal, geen duurzaamheid. Duurzaamheid is gebaseerd op vrede met de aarde.

3a. en zo het zaad droeg voor het ontstaan van Sikh-terrorisme in Punjab...

En het geweld binnen landbouw is gelinkt aan het ontstaan van terrorisme in de Indische Punjab of het midwesten van de USA. In de jaren 80 wakkerde de landbouwcrisis het Sikh-nationalisme aan, waarbij werkloze en opstandige jongeren de wapens opnamen, welke uitgevoerd werden door dezelfde globale machten die de Indische landbouw hadden vernietigd en die naar India keken als een markt voor hun te duur geprijsde, niet-essentiële, vaak schadelijke producten en technologiën.

3b. of de aanslag van de Oklahoma bomber.

De Oklahoma bombing was het resultaat van een ontstaan van christelijke milities in het midwesten van de USA. En terrorisme binnen de VS, zoals in Punjab, was ook gelinkt aan een landbouwcrisis, waarbij de groeiende bezitloze Amerikaanse familiale boerenbedrijven ontvankelijk werden voor de nieuwe gospel van geweld en haat.

Tot slot spreekt ze over de symboliek van het zaaigoed voor een geweldloze landbouw:

Tijdens de eerste industriële revolutie - en de daarmee gepaard gaande kolonisatie - transformeerde Gandhi het `primitieve' spinwiel tot een levend symbool van de strijd voor India's vrijheid en zelfbeschikking. De `primitieve' zaden van derdewereldboeren kunnen net zo wel tot symbolen uitgroeien in de strijd voor vrijheid en bescherming van het leven in de huidige context van herkolonisering van de Derde Wereld en haar bronnen van leven.

> lees het volledige artikel (engelstalig) www.navdanya.org/articles

uit: "India's food wars" : hoe de WTO en retailers samenspannen

De retailers, zeg maar de supermarktgiganten, hebben - met behulp van de Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WTO) - de aanval ingezet op de voedselverdeling in India:

Het afbreken van de onderhandelingen binnen de WTO zou wel eens bewust bedoeld kunnen zijn om de weg vrij te maken voor bilaterale "vrijhandelsverdragen", welke de markttoegang van het Noorden tot markten in het Zuiden versterken en versnellen. Dit is duidelijk wat er nu aan het gebeuren is in de voedings- en retailsector.

Het falen van de WTO-onderhandelingen tussen de Viervuldigheid - U.S.A., Europa, Brazilië en India - wordt nu gebruikt door Europa om toegang te krijgen tot India's enorme retailmarkt, welke meer dan 40 miljoen mensen tewerkstelt om in de basisbehoeften van meer dan een miljard te voorzien.

Europees commissaris voor Landbouw, Mariann Fischer Boel, zei hierover op een meeting met Europese experten in landbouwhandel:

"De Indische middenklasse is hongerig naar opwindende voedings- en drankbelevenissen die boven de Indische keuken uitstijgen. En deze klasse groeit à rato van 35 miljoen mensen per jaar, of met andere woorden, de bevolking van een middelgroot Europees land."

Wanneer zoveel buitenlandse bedrijven hun verkoopposities in India kunnen versterken, voegde ze er aan toe, betekent dit dat de Europese voedselverwerkende bedrijven ook

"a piece of the action"

nodig hebben.

Het verkopen van voedsel via de retail in India wordt zodoende een belangrijk 'deel van de actie' in de globale handelsoorlogen. Maar...

(...) dit gaat over meer dan handel. Voor de Indiërs gaat het over cultuur en ecologie, over tewerkstelling en voedselveiligheid.

Het plan is om de lokale 'markt-op-mensenmaat' - met haar lage kosten - als "primitief" voor te stellen en de van airconditioning voorziene supermarkt als "gesofisticeerd".

Een soort van retoriek, die sterke gelijkenissen vertoont met de propaganda die voorafging aan - bijvoorbeeld - de oorlog in Irak...

Met Walmart en TESCO, die hun pijlen richten op de Indische middenklasse, wordt de oorlog verklaard aan de Indische voedselcultuur. De Indische cultuur van vers voedsel moet de stempel van "inferieur" krijgen om de voorverpakte en verwerkte voeding in de rekken van de supermarkten "superieur" te doen lijken. En deze culturele oorlog over voedsel gebruikt daarbij ook pseudowetenschap als een wapen.

... "beargumenteerd" door embedded media...

met een exemplarisch artikel in India Today, waarin kopen in een kleine groentenhandel wordt beschreven als "90% transpiratie, 10% inspiratie" en kopen in een supermarkt als "90% inspiratie en 1-% transpiratie".

Het hoeft weinig verder betoog, wanneer Dr. Vandana Shiva daarover zegt...

Het Walmart model van lange toeleveringslijnen is energie-intensief en dus broeikasgas-intensief.

Wanneer de grote supermarktketens claimen iedere groente en elk soort fruit in ieder deel van het land op eender welk moment te zullen aanleveren, betekent dit dat de afstanden die voedsel zal afleggen groter zullen worden.

Met allerhande gevolgen vandien:

• een nog grotere verkeerschaos en luchtvervuiling op de Indische wegen,
• door de grootste opkoper te zijn, bepaalt Walmart het lot van de producenten, m.n. of ze nog zullen produceren en tegen welke prijs ze hun producten zullen verkopen,
• Walmart vernietigt de kleine, onafhankelijke retailers zoals het dat deed in de USA,
• kleine voedselverkopers in de straten van Delhi werden al gebannen, ookal toonde studie na studie aan dat hun voedsel veilig is,
• de wetgeving wordt aangepast op maat van de globale marktspelers: zo werden ook de kleine "ghanis" (koude perserijen) in 1998 verbannen terwille van GMO soja-olie.

Ze besluit ongerust maar strijdvaardig:

Onze slogan "Onze wereld is niet te koop" moet overslaan naar iedere boerderij en iedere straat in iedere samenleving. Onze vrijheden en onze hoogsteigen levens staan op het spel.

> lees het volledige artikel (engelstalig) op www.navdanya.org/articles

In komende bijdrages op regiofair.wordpress.com zullen we enkele artikels van Dr. Vandana Shiva naar het Nederlands vertalen.

Heather Meek leafs through the seed catalogue she wrote on the family computer, on winter nights after the kids went to bed.

Selling seeds is more than just an extra source of income on this organic farm an hour northwest of Montreal.

For Meek and partner Frederic Sauriol, propagating local varieties is part of a David and Goliath struggle by small farmers against big seed companies.

At stake, they believe, is no less than control of the world's food supply.

Some interesting (and worrisome) statistics from the piece:

• Some 70,000 Canadian farmers will grow food from GM seeds this year; 12 million worldwide
• GM crops have grown 67-fold in 12 years, now covering 690.9 million hectares in 23 countries
• Canada is the fourth-largest grower of GM crops, which cover 7 million hectares.
• About three-quarters of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops have been lost over the last century and hundreds of the 7,000 known animal breeds are in danger of extinction

More on seeds, GM food and the food crisis:

• Vandana Shiva's excellent series of articles over at Zmag. (Click on the drop down menu under 'commentaries' for the most recent pieces)
• Norway's Doomsday Seed Vault
• Behind Latin America's Food Crisis
• BIODIVERSITY: Indigenous Peoples Fight Theft
• GM Foods the Problem, Not the Solution

Image from the Beehive Collective

To deal with that enclosure of the commons has been my life struggle, since the commons are the present form of living earth democracy. Stop enclosing the commons and stop enclosing access to information!"

Die Alternative Nobelpreisträgerin Vandana Shiva am 21.Mai 2008 in Bonn, anläßlich der 9. COP zur CBD, auf der Veranstaltung der Freiburger Kantstiftung und der hbs zu Gemeinschaftsgüterschutz Zwischen Diversität und Globaler Verantwortung.

foto on flickr by Daniel Heaf

Gemeinsam mit Vandana Shiva, hatte die Gründerin der Aktion GEN-Klage, Christiane Lüst, beim Menschenrechtsausschuss einen Bericht über die Auswirkungen des Einsatzes genmanipulierten Saatguts in Indien eingereicht. 200.000 indische Bauern haben sich, weil sie keinen Ausweg aus der entstandenen Abhängigkeits- und Kostenspirale sehen, das Leben genommen.

Geklagt wurde auf sofortigen Stopp der Gentechniknutzung in Indien zum Schutz der Bauern, Konsumenten - und der Menschenrechte.

Wie im letzten Blogbeitrag festgestellt: Wer die commons gefährdet, gefährdet das Leben.... Der Einsatz von Gentechnik in der Landwirtschaft, durchgesetzt und kontrolliert von transnationalen Konzernen, tut das. Da wird im Extremfall nicht nur das Saatgut selbst seiner essentiellsten Funktion, der Keimfähigkeit, beraubt (Stichwort Terminator Technologie), da wird -sofern es sich nicht um Selbstmord-Saatgut handelt, die in allen Kulturen fest verankerte Praxis, Saatgut zu bewahren, wieder auszusähen und durch traditionelle Methoden weiterzuentwickeln kriminalisiert. Und da werden Menschen, die oft der Entzifferung der englischsprachigen Aufschriften von geliefertem Saatgut und mitgelieferten Pestiziden nicht mächtig sind, mit allerlei Marketing und Halbinformationen in die Abhängigkeit getrieben.

Ich fand schon immer, dass die Debatte um "Grüne Gentechnik" vor allem im Süden weniger mit Argumenten, die Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz in den Mittelpunkt stellen, sondern vor allem mit Blick auf die Verschärfung dieser Abhängigkeiten geführt werden muss. Wenn sich arme BäuerInnen in den Sog und die Zwangsjacke von Monsanto & Co begeben, gehen ihre letzten Ressourcen zum Überleben schnell den Bach runter. Doch oft wird dieser Punkt gar nicht gemacht.

Genmanipuliertes Saatgut einsetzen heißt: Die Nabelschnur, die sie mit ihrem Land, ihrem traditionellen Wissen um das Saatgut und mit dem Saatgut selbst verbindet, zu durchtrennen. Das ist lebensfeindlich.

Erstmals wurde nun von einem UN Gremium die Nutzung der Gentechnik in der Landwirtschaft als Menschenrechtsverletzung gerügt und eine Regierung aufgefordert, den Zugang der Bauern zu traditionellem, wiederverwendbaren Saatgut zu schützen (also das Saatgut als common zu erhalten).

Aus dem Originaltext der Menschenrechtskomission:

29) Das Kommitee ist tief besorgt, dass die exteme Not, die die Farmer erleiden müssen, zu einer steigenden Häufigkeit von Farmer-Selbstmorden über die vergangene Dekade geführt hat. Das Kommitee ist besonders besorgt, dass die extreme Armut unter den Kleinbauern, verursacht durch den Mangel an Land, Zugang zu Krediten und adäquaten ländlichen Infrastrukturen, durch die Einführung von genetisch verändertem Saatgut durch multinationale Konzerne und die daraus resultierende Preiseskalation bei Saatgut, Dünger und Pestiziden, vor allem in der Baumwollindustrie, verschlimmert wurde.

69) Das Kommitee drängt die Regierung ... alle nötigen Maßnahmen zu ergreifen gegen die extreme Armut unter Kleinbauern und die landwirtischaftliche Produktion als eine wichtige Angelegenheit zu steigern ... finanzielle und andere Hilfsformen für Familien von Suizid-Opfern zur Verfügung zu stellen ... staatliche Unterstützung bereitzustellen, damit die Farmer vermehrungsfähiges Saatgut, dass sie wiederverwenden können, kaufen können mit dem Ziel, ihre Abhängigkeit von multinationalen Konzernen zu beseitigen. ...

(Hervorhebung von mir)

Siehe auch: Aktion GEN-Klage, die -als bemerkenswerte Bürgerinitiative- Unterstützung verdient!

foto1: His royal majesty King Cotton by Big Grey Mare on flickr
foto2: Demonstration against Monsanto in Hyderabad India by skasuga on flickr

É inútil forçar os ritmos da vida. A arte de viver consiste em aprender a dar o devido tempo às coisa, afirma

O princípio básico do movimento é o direito ao prazer da alimentação, utilizando produtos artesanais de qualidade especial, produzidos de forma que respeite tanto o meio ambiente quanto as pessoas responsáveis pela produção, os produtores.

Fundado em 1986, o Slow Food se opõe à tendência de padronização do alimento no Mundo, e defende a necessidade de que os consumidores estejam bem informados, se tornando co-produtores. Em 1989, tornou uma associação internacional sem fins lucrativos. Atualmente conta com mais de 80.000 membros e tem escritórios na Itália, Alemanha, Suíça, Estados Unidos, França, Japão e Reino Unido, e apoiadores em 122 países.

A sede internacional do Slow Food é em Bra, na Itália. O Slow Food opera tanto localmente como mundialmente junto de instituições internacionais como a FAO - Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura e a Alimentação. Estabelece laços de amizade com governos em todo o mundo, prestando consultoria para o Ministério da Agricultura italiano, trabalhando com o presidente da câmara de Nova Iorque e colaborando com o governo Brasileiro.

Através dos seus conhecimentos gastronômicos relacionados com a política, a agricultura e o ambiente, o Slow Food tornou-se uma voz ativa na agricultura e na ecologia. O Slow Food conjuga o prazer e a alimentação com consciência e responsabilidade. As atividades da associação visam defender a biodiversidade na cadeia de distribuição alimentar, difundir a educação do gosto, e aproximar os produtores de consumidores de alimentos especiais através de eventos e iniciativas. Veja mais informações em http://www.slowfoodbrasil.com/.

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Gostou? Comente! Não Gostou? Também Comente!

• Global Warming
• Rising oil prices
• Food crisis

Global Warming-

       I don't quite understand the whole "Global Warming" issue. I've scoured the web and as with most issues there are countless websites on this subject. As you may have already discovered for yourself there are just as many sites saying that this climate change IS happening, as there are saying it is not. Here are a few sources which I found interesting on this subject.

The first offers some facts from a Canadian Scientist. Is he right? I don't know but it is interesting never the less.

The next is an explanation from what most people believe to be a reputable source for information on nature, science, and culture.

The third is an intriguing response to the widely accepted movie "An Inconvenient Truth" It offers a different perspective.

I am not much of a conspirator, but I still somehow believe this whole issue is going to somehow end up costing me more money than it already has.

Global Warming Cold Hard Facts

Global Warming National Geographic

Global Warming or Global governance

 
worldclimatereport.com/
 

Rising Oil Prices-

As many of us know the price of oil has been reaching record breaking levels nearly every day. However how many of us actually know and understand why? I for one did not so I did some digging around on the subject. And rather than attempt to summarize it for you. I'll simply link to relevant sources followed with how this issue has impacted in my life.

Oil Prices Cause and Effect

I skimmed this document and some of the principals and facts within it seem to make sense to me.

O.P.E.C.org

Let's try this source. They have some interesting information.

After several hours of searching the internet, I couldn't find any compelling information other than the sources listed above for the increase in oil prices. I am sure there are many "conspiracy theories" regarding this issue. But at this point I will turn the task over to you. Can you find any links or documents that prove that oil supply levels are in jeopardy of running dry?

If so please let me know.

Food Crisis-

       Another issue facing myself, the country, and the world is the rising cost of food. I am not talking about the local fast food hamburger, though that is affected. I am referring to the cost of many of the worlds staple foods such as rice, wheat, corn, dairy, and so on.

The following is my understanding of the food crisis as it exists today. Plainly put, I believe that there is something inherently wrong with the producing of food as an alternative fuel when so many people in the world still go hungry. I also feel that it is the responsibility of everyone to ensure that in an effort to reverse the effects on global warming, and solve our dependence on oil. We don't forget that many of our own citizens as well as our worldwide counterparts are not benefiting from it, but are experiencing the negative effects of it.

   Cultural Matters

   Global Food Crisis: Hunger Plagues Haiti and the World

   Global Food Crisis: Solutions

  Vandana Shiva on food crisis

Come in daddy come

Come with food come

And if we should live up in the hills

Man in the Hills, Burning Spear

She used to press three grains of corn into my little hand.  I can still feel the contours like permanent imprints on my palms, that unlike my grandmother's do not grow weary and calloused from washing other people's clothes but from spending too many hours trying to fashion thoughts into words.
And I would take the three grains and put them carefully, reverentially into a little hole my grandmother dug with a brown-handled rusty spade. Her instructions were sparse.  She expected you to know what to do. My grandmother who had wrestled poverty and a society that chose not to see her all her life had no patience with not knowing.
My grandmother who was poto l'eglise  and hardcore PNM too besides, studiously ignored the advice of the messiah of the time Eric Williams who I hear, advised that massa day was done and that people should put down their hoes and shovels.
My grandmother who weaved magic food spells out of little.  Who no matter where she lived, always planted something.
My grandmother was no economist or environmentalist.  She was a barely literate, little piece of a woman who spoke kwéyol with my mother's friends from Guadeloupe and St. Lucia with an effortless eloquence.
My grandmother knew the value of being able to feed yourself.
Long before Vandana Shiva described what it is to be an ecofeminist, my grandmother demanded from the women in her family a certain level of dignity, a certain amount of determination, a certain straightness of the back and independence of spirit.
My mother studied books. Plenty books to not end up washing clothes like her mother.   Books to a fault.  My mother learned from her mother the art of taking nothing and creating a feast.
I stood in the yard when I was small between two these two super women.  Watching corn grow and sorrel and peas.  My mother with her photographic memory slit Mr. Cock's neck and dumped him in a boiling pot of water.  My grandmother expected nothing less.  She raised no wilting flowers.
My grandmother who was poto l'eglise gave us bush baths with plants of which I can only remember the smells. Strong smells, to frighten away negative forces. She never explained why and we never asked.
My grandmother who never made it past fourth standard knew the difference between tulsi and wonder of the world.  Which bush was good for what.
I stand in my own yard now.  Watching hard little green tomatoes grown deep green into red. I pick a little bit of fever grass for tea.  I think my grandmother would be unimpressed.  My life is easy, obscenely easy. Neither chick nor child and I can't find time to plant more. I, who should know better.  I fear I am a disappointment to her years of struggle.
I think about what she would make of that new KFC ad. The one with the mother whose child is inconsolable until she reaches for a piece of fried chicken.  I think about what she would make of bad behaved ministers and prime ministers who refer to themselves in the third person.
My grandmother would have steupsed at their folly. She would have said they must be suffering from I never thought.  She would have set her mouth in that resolute Santa Cruz way and said common sense ent too common.
My grandmother might have sworn in kwéyol even as she fingered the beads of her rosary.  Because women like her knew the value of work, hard work, back breaking work so that the next generation doesn't have to suffer the same indignities.  But women like her  also knew the value of taking in front.
Of being able to heal yourself, and the value of every top being able to spin on their own bottom.  She, who loved to play with words might have said that neither super farm nor Super Pharm is the answer.
If you can't feed yourself how you expect to live?
I want to remember what my grandmother taught me, but the noise of economists and politicians and advertisers gets in the way.  As if hard times never existed in Trinidad. As if people weren't deliberately discouraged from self-sufficiency to feed our greedy food import bill.
We used to stand in the yard, my grandmother and my sisters and my mother and watch what we had planted.  Watch it grow and reap the fruits of our collective labour. And it was good.
My grandmother taught me there are many ways a woman can be fertile and fruitful.

A trained conservation biologist and ecologist, most of her work is women-focused.

Under the directive of Dr. Vandana Shiva, Rita worked on an ecological project for Chipko - a rural women’s grassroots movement in India - examining the role the local women played in preserving their environment. She has also been involved in projects that examine the roles that women have in the use of alternative energy resources, in traditional agriculture, and in the preservation of biodiversity in agriculture.

She is currently working on a non-fiction book to be released by Penguin (India) in July 2008.
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I recently met and spent time with Rita in her hometown of Calcutta. Her knowledge on the issue of the genocide of Indian women is extraordinary. What follows is a discussion on the subject of Rita’s campaign.

Barbara: What is the 50 Million Missing campaign?

Rita: The primary aim of the 50 Million Missing campaign, which was launched on the website flickr in December 2006, is to raise awareness both in India and internationally, about the millions of women that have been systematically eliminated from India’s population due to customs like female foeticide, infanticide and dowry murders.

The word ‘missing’ was coined by Dr. Amartya Sen to refer to the number of women that should have been in India’s population, according to the normal male/female ratio universal to the human species. In industrialized countries such as Europe or North America, where there is no gender preference at birth, the natural ratio of men to women is about 100:105. Dr. Sen used an even lower bench-mark - 100:102 men to women (which he got from sub-Saharan Africa which has, among developing countries, the least difference in survival factors such as birth, life span, etcetera, between men and women) as the average for developing countries. Then, comparing this average with the gender ratio from the census data in 1986, of 93 women to 100 men, Sen found that there were 9 women 'missing' for every 100 men, and concluded that (at that time) India was “missing” a total of about 37 million women. Of course, that number continues to escalate and now stands at about 50 million. Hence the campaign name -- 50 Million Missing.

In the future we plan to implement ground projects that are geared towards change, but before we can make any changes we first have to make people aware that this is happening. Most people (not just outside India but also within) are either not aware of the situation or are in denial that it exists. The first and most important challenge of this campaign is to break down the doubt and denial.

Barbara: What prompted you to launch the campaign; how did you become involved with this issue?

Rita: About 5 years ago while doing research for my book I came across the issue of millions of ‘missing’ women in India. Although Dr. Sen had put out this information two decades ago (in the late 80’s) I only became aware of it recently. So I began to look for more information and was horrified by what I discovered. This is why I call it India’s ‘silent genocide.’ Because it is so hidden. It is the silent but targeted elimination of a group - women. And something has to be done.

Barbara: Has the campaign gained interest from others? Are you working with other Organizations on this issue?

Rita: We have administrators and moderators from 7 countries for our group on Flickr. The interactive website - with more than 1400 world-wide members - has information galleries, discussion galleries, and a photo gallery with more than 7000 photos of Indian girls and women.

The reaction from people is mixed. Those that are aware of the issue are indignant, and very supportive. Many people, I think, are still in disbelief or in denial – they know it’s true but that’s not the public image they want for India. This is the land of Buddha and Gandhi and the whole non-violence philosophy. How could we have exterminated 50 Million of our own people – our own family members – daughters, wives, and daughters-in-law? The very thought is ghastly. Among groups –there are groups like the HRLN (Human Rights Law Network) London based ASF (Acid Survivors Foundation) that we have a good working relationship with and will form productive partnerships with. But we are still looking for more energetic and efficient NGOs we can partner with to foster change.

The group is currently preparing to set up an organization in India that will work on its cause related projects.

Barbara: What do you wish to accomplish with the campaign?

Rita: The first thing we wish to do is STOP the killings – the infanticides and dowry murders, and STOP female foeticide as well. The problem is so massive that the only way to do it is to have the government enforce existing laws. That is why we have an online petition that we’ve started circulating. We want the Indian government to be held accountable.

The second thing we’ll do is launch ground projects that will address the mindset, since it’s quite clear to us that this is what the cause is. It’s not poverty, or illiteracy. It is a cultural mindset that is fundamentally misogynist. So we want to start effecting long term change to people’s thinking through seminars, workshops, school curriculum, etc. The means and methods have yet to be worked out. But this is a long term project that will have to be carried out in a very systematic and measured manner.

Barbara: What can the general public do to become involved?

Rita: The first thing they need to do is sign the petition. Every signature on that petition is a voice of dissent. It says “I want this genocide to stop and I want the government of India to take the responsibility to implement its laws to stop this genocide.” This is mass homicide (even if we don’t include the female foeticide issue here), and therefore essentially a case of massive malfunctioning of India’s system of law and order. So sign and get as many people as you know to sign the petition.

Secondly once we start our projects we will need volunteers to help out with the surveys etc. So volunteer your time, even if it is just 1 or 2 hours a month!

Some of the resources or advice or expertise we will need in our ground projects include medical assistance, psychological counseling, teaching, skills training. So if you can offer your assistance please contact us.

Finally, speak out! Talk about the issues involved. Don't be a mute spectator to the abuse of young women for dowry whether it's in your family or that of your neighbors. Speak up. Intervene. Talk about the compulsion you witness of parents willing to take loans to pay dowry. Of parents refusing to allow their daughters to return home even when they know she is being abused. Of families forcing their wives and daughter-in-laws to undergo multiple abortions.

Silence - when people see it and don’t talk about it - has been one of the biggest perpetrators of genocide the world over. And don’t use the excuses: "These things cannot be changed. Dowry is an old tradition. People want sons to support them in their old age and carry on the family’s name," for that is resignation. That is a mindset that allows this genocide to exist. Allow it no room to exist.
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50 Million Missing
Please sign the petition

Gemeingüterschutz zwischen Diversität und globaler Verantwortung
Von postkolonialer ‚Raubökonomie’ zu einer ressourcen- und generationengerechten, subsidiären Treuhänderschaft.

Hier das Programm, mit spannenden Gästen: u.a. Pat Mooney, Vandana Shiva und Hermann Scheer.

Das ist eine willkommene Gelegenheit, um den großen Philosophen mit seinen Ausführungen zur Ursprünglichkeit des Gemeinbesitzes zu zitieren:...

„Alle Menschen sind ursprünglich (...) im rechtmäßigen Besitz des Bodens, d.h. sie haben ein Recht, da zu sein, wohin sie die Natur, oder der Zufall (ohne ihren Willen) gesetzt hat. Dieser Besitz (possessio), ... ist ein gemeinsamer Besitz, wegen der Einheit aller Plätze auf der Erdfläche, als Kugelfläche; (...)" (I. Kant, Metaphysik der Sitten, Rechtslehre, § 13)

In „Zum ewigen Frieden" leitet Kant daraus ein Besuchsrecht ab (heute würden wir sagen, ein Zugangs- und Nutzungsrecht), „welches allen Menschen zusteht, sich zur Gesellschaft anzubieten, vermöge des Rechts des gemeinschaftlichen Besitzes der Erdoberfläche der Erde,...." (S. 214)

Otfried Höffe, Philosoph der Uni Tübingen, präzisiert in Moral als Preis der Moderne (1993):

"Ebenso ursprünglich wie der Gemeinbesitz am Boden ist das Recht, den Boden mit seinen Früchten zu gebrauchen".

Nicht zu verbrauchen. Versteht sich.

„Da es nun mit der unter den Völkern der Erde einmal durchgängig überhand genommenen (engeren oder weiteren) Gemeinschaft so weit gekommen ist, dass die Rechtsverletzung an einem Platz der Erde an allen gefühlt wird: so ist die Idee eines Weltbürgers keine phantastische (...)" (Kant a.a. O. S.216, alle Hervorhebungen von mir)

Ein spanischer und deutscher Sammelband, an dem wir gerade arbeiten wird übrigens im Untertitel heißen: "Gemeinschaftsgüter und Bürgerschaft". Denn der Staat allein wird's nicht richten.

Dank an Berthold Lange von der Kantstiftung für die Anregungen.

I capi delle corporation e dei governi occidentali hanno imposto al mondo la globalizzazione promettendo pace e prosperità. E invece ci troviamo alle prese con la guerra e la crisi economica. La prosperità si è rivelata effimera, e le sicurezze economiche di base per popoli e paesi stanno rapidamente scomparendo. Cominciano a verificarsi casi di morte per fame in paesi come l’Argentina, dove questo problema non era mai esistito. La fame è tornata a colpire paesi come l’India, che aveva superato carestie - come quella che nel 1942, sotto il regime coloniale, uccise due milioni di persone - e garantito la sicurezza alimentare attraverso politiche di intervento pubblico elaborate democraticamente. Persino le economie ricche di Stati Uniti, Europa e Giappone stanno vivendo una fase di declino. La globalizzazione ha chiaramente fallito l’obiettivo di migliorare le condizioni dei cittadini e dei paesi. Se è vero che la globalizzazione ha aiutato alcune corporation ad ampliare i loro profitti e i loro mercati, molte altre aziende, tra cui Aol Time Warner ed Enron, hanno fatto bancarotta o hanno perso valore. La via della globalizzazione si è rivelata una ricetta insostenibile per i ricchi e causa di impoverimento e disgregazione sociale per i poveri.